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Protocols
FAQ
See also
- Guide to Gold Nanoparticle Labeling
Detailed description of gold nanoparticle labeling, tips and tricks for successful conjugations, isolation of conjugates, and how to calculate labeling.
I want to use Epon for embedding, but the instructions say that
the Nanogold® should not be heated above 37°C. What should I do?
Silver enhancement before embedding will help to anchor the particles in place. Actually, not all the results obtained from heating Nanogold® in solution confirm heat-sensitivity; some results suggest that the Nanogold® particle is actually quite stable to temperatures as high as 100°C. However, since the factors which determine stability at these high temperatures have not been completely evaluated, we cannot recommend using them routinely. If you must use temperatures higher than 37°C without silver enhancement, keep the salt concentration as
low as possible and the pH at 7 or higher.
Catalog: Nanogold® Conjugates | Instructions | References
I followed the instructions, but when I looked at my labeled specimen, I couldn't see any labeling. What should I do?
Labeling can fail for several reasons. Our antibodies may have a slightly different specificity to the ones which were used for your previous experiments; or, especially with gold conjugated to smaller molecules, the gold may change the properties of the molecule so that its binding is reduced.
To test whether the conjugate is still active, immunoblot a 200-fold dilution of the Nanogold® conjugate against serial dilutions of either your target molecule, or a target (such as IgG against which the antibody was raised) to which it is known to bind; follow the product instructions for immunoblotting. Silver enhance; if spots appear, then the biological activity is intact,and you should look for other factors. If spots do not develop, try another manufacturer's silver enhancement kit; if you still see no spots, e-mail or telephone us and describe your problem. Be sure to have the catalog number and lot number of the problem product handy so that we can trace it and test it.
If you think that the gold particles themselves may have degraded, try spotting serial dilutions of the Nanogold® conjugate itself onto a nitrocellulose membrane. After washing and rinsing thoroughly as described in the product instructions for immunoblotting, silver enhance; if spots appear, the gold is intact. If spots do not appear, try anothermanufacturer's silver enhancer; if you still see nothing, contact us.
Catalog: Nanogold® Conjugates | Instructions | References
When I osmicate my silver-enhanced gold-labeled specimens, the color is reduced and/or the particles become fewer and smaller. What is happening, and what should I do?
Osmium tetroxide is a powerful oxidising agent and can re-oxidise the metallic silver deposited during silver enhancement to silver (I); either the silver (I) is then removed by other reagents, or the oxidation exposes the metallic silver to other silver-dissolving reagents. This is usually a significant problem only when osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate are used together; in the absence of uranyl acetate, the effect is much less and may usually be eliminated by reducing the osmium tetroxide concentration. To render deposited silver particles impervious to etching, use gold toning:
Lower Osmium Tetroxide Concentration:
Burry and co-workers have found that silver etching by osmium tetroxide may be greatly reduced by using 0.1 % osmium tetroxide instead of 1 %; this has been found to give similar levels of staining.
Reference:
- Burry, R.W.: Pre-embedding immunocytochemistry with silver-enhanced small gold particles. In Immunogold silver staining: Principles, methods and applications; M. A. Hayat (Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995), p. 217-230.
Gold toning prevents particle loss:
Gold toning is the post-treatment of silver enhanced immunogold particles with a reagent which deposits a thin layer of gold onto their surface, rendering them impervious to etching. Two procedures have been described: 1. Arai, et al. (Suggestion from the Microscopy Listserver)
From Diana Van Driel (Department of Opthalmology, Sydney University, Australia 2006):
I do a lot of Ag-Au for EM and initially had just this problem. After
normal embedding of the Ag enhanced tissue, there would sometimes be
beautiful Ag particles, sometimes remains of Ag with holes where the
particles had been, sometimes nothing at all. The problem turned out to be
the uranyl acetate treatment. It appears that uranyl acetate dissolves out the silver in some way. Not using uranyl acetate cured the problem, but obviously contrast was then hopeless. I now gold tone tissue - the Au-Ag-Au complex is completely stable in osmium and uranyl acetate. There is an increase in the contrast of the tissue, which may cause some people problems, especially if high resolution is needed, but the method really works.
- After silver enhancement, wash thoroughly with dionized water.
- 0.05 % gold chloride: 10 minutes at 4°C.
- Wash with deionized water.
- 0.5 % oxalic acid: 2 mins at room temperature.
- 1 % sodium thiosulfate (freshly made) for 1 hour.
- Wash thoroughly with deionized water and embed according to usual procedure.
References:
- Arai, R., et al.; Brain Res. Bull., 1992, 28, 343-345.
- Arai, R., and Nagatsu, I. In Immunogold-Silver Staining: principles, Methods
>and Applications; M. A. Hayat (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca raton. FL (1995) ch. 13, pp 209-216.
2. An alternative procedure has been reported by Sawada et al.:
- Rinse twice quickly in distilled water.
- 0.05 M sodium acetate (1 min) then rinse again quickly.
- 0.05 % tetrachloroauric acid (2 mins).
- Thorough rinsing in distilled water for 10 minutes, then osmicate.
Reference:
- Sawada, H., and Esaki. J. Elect. Micro., 43, 361-66 (1994).
Catalog: Nanogold® Conjugates | Instructions | References
I have high levels of background staining. What can I do to lower them?
There are two approaches to reducing background staining: (a) modify the experimental conditions before and during silver enhancement; or (b) improve the "stopping" of the silver enhancement reaction or apply back development after it is complete.
Reducing background during reaction
In experiments with the combined fluorescein and Nanogold® probe FluoroNanogold, it was found that washing with 0.02 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 7.0, before silver enhancement gives significantly lower backgrounds than many other treatments. This was found to be effective when the Danscher silver enhancer was used for development. When Nanoprobes HQ Silver was used, 0.02 M sodium citrate buffer at pH 3.5 immediately before silver enhancement gave lower background. In immunoblots, we find that 0.05 M disodium EDTA, pH 4.6, before silver enhancement also helps minimize background. Use plastic or teflonized (not metal) forceps and tools for handling specimens.
Reference:
- Powell, R. D.; Halsey, Carol M. R.; Spector, D. L.; Kaurin, S. L.; McCann, J.;, and Hainfeld, J. F. A covalent fluorescent-gold immunoprobe: "simultaneous" detection of a pre-mRNA splicing factor by light and electron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 45, 947-956 (1997).
Addition of a small amount of the detergent Tween-20 to the Nanogold® incubation buffer helps to prevent hydrophobic interactions, which can be another source of non-specific binding. If the sample can tolerate it, washing with 0.6 M triethylammonium bicarbonate buffer, in which Nanogold® is highly soluble, can also lower background. Preparation of triethylammonium bicarbonate buffer is described in the following reference:
- Safer, D.; Bolinger, L., and Leigh, J. S.; J. Inorg. Biochem., 26, 77 (1986).
"Stop" Reactions and back development:
Under most circumstances, repeated washing with deionized or distilled water will be sufficient to halt the silver enhancement process. However, it may continue within the specimen, and this can sometimes give over-development or a dark appearance in the light microscope. In this case, one of the following methods may be used to "stop" the silver enhancement reaction:
- 1% acetic acid.
- 1% acetic acid followed by photographic fixer (Agefix, Agfa-Gevaert, or Ilfospeed 200, Ilford).
- direct photo fix, using those just mentioned.
- brief rinse in 2.5% sodium chloride.
- 15-25% aqueous sodium thiosulfate plus 15% sodium sulfite.
- 1% acetic acid, washes in acetate buffer, toning in 0.05% HAuCl4 3-10 min, with excess silver removed with 3% sodium thiosulfate. We found that Nanogold-labeled proteins run on a polyacrylamide gel kept low backgrounds when stopped with 10% acetic acid with 10% glucose in water, as opposed to just a water stop.
These methods, and their references, are discussed in our recent review of Nanogold® technology:
In the event that the reaction has proceeded too far, it may be "back-developed" to remove the excess background staining by treatment with Farmer's solution (0.3 ml 7.5% potassium ferricyanide, 1.2 ml of 20% sodium thiosulfate, 60 ml water). Application of this solution briefly to your sample before gold toning may help to remove backgroud silver deposition.
Reference:
- Danscher, G.: Histochemistry, 71, 1-16 (1981).
Catalog: Nanogold® Conjugates | Instructions | References
I would like to do a double labeling experiment staining for one antigen using immunogold with silver enhancement, and the other with HRP/DAB. How should this be done?
DAB and other enzyme substrates are redox active compounds, and the enzymes themselves work by redox reactions. This means that the enzymes, DAB and other substrates, and their products may catalyze silver deposition. However, these two methods may be used for dual labeling: immunogold staining and silver enhancement should be completed first and all silver thoroughly removed by washing with deionized water, and the enzyme labeling and DAB chromogenic substrate treatment performed after silver enhancement is complete.
References:
- Li, H.; Ohishi, H.; Kinoshita, A.; Shigemoto, R.; Nomura, S., and Mizuno, N.: Localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, in axon terminals of presumed nociceptive, primary afferent fibers in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn: an electron microscope study in the rat. Neuroscience lett., 223, 153-156 (1997).
- Salas, P. J. I.: Insoluble gamma-tubulin-containing structures are anchored to the apical network of intermediate filaments in polarized CACO-2 epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol., 146, 645-657 (1999).
Catalog: Nanogold® Conjugates | Instructions | References
I am doing in situ hybridization with Nanogold®-Streptavidin and silver enhancement and I see no labeling or very little
Several users report that silver enhancement of a specimen labeled by in situ hybridization gives no signal. We have not been able to explain why this occurs, but the following have been found to help:
- Use the Danscher formulation of silver enhancer instead of HQ silver or LI Silver. For how tomake this, see:
- Danscher, G.; Histochemistry, 71, 81 (1981).
- Reduce the amount of glutaraldehyde used for fixation as far as possible; the amount of paraformaldehyde may be correspondingly increased.
Catalog: Nanogold® Conjugates | Instructions | References
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Things you'd like to see us make?
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