NANOGOLD® PRODUCT INFORMATION

Mono-Sulfo-N-Hydroxy-Succinimido- Nanogold® Labeling Reagent
[Mono-Sulfo-N-Hydroxy-Succinimido- Nanogold® Labeling Reagent product page]

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Contents

• Product Information
• Thiol Caution
• Other Cautions
• Labeling proteins (MW 15,000 or greater) with Mono-Sulfo-N-HYDROXY-SUCCINIMIDO NANOGOLD®
• Labeling peptides (MW 6,000 or less) with Mono-Sulfo-N-HYDROXY-SUCCINIMIDO NANOGOLD®
• General Considerations for Immunostaining with NANOGOLD® Reagents
• Using Stains with NANOGOLD®
• Electron Microscopy Immunolabeling with NANOGOLD®
  1. Cells in Suspension
  2. Thin Sections

• Special Considerations for Viewing NANOGOLD® in the Electron Microscope
• Silver Enhancement of NANOGOLD® for EM
• Immunolabeling and Silver Enhancement with NANOGOLD® for Light Microscopy
• Immunoblotting
• References

Warning: For research use only. Not recommended or intended for diagnosis of disease in humans or animals. Do not use internally or externally in humans or animals. Non radioactive and non carcinogenic.

Product Information

Figure 1: Schematic showing NANOGOLD® labeling of a protein via reaction of an amine and a sulfo-succinimide group.

6 nmol of reagent is supplied, sufficient to ensure complete labeling of up to 3 nmol of amine sites; this corresponds to about 0.3 mg of a protein with a molecular weight of 100,000 with one site labeled.

Contents

Thiol Caution

Other Cautions

Contents

Labeling Proteins (MW 15,000 or greater) with Mono-Sulfo-N-Hydroxy-Succinimido Nanogold®

1. Dissolve the protein in 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer with 0.15 M sodium chloride (PBS) pH 7.5-8.2 or an alternative buffer, adjusted to pH 7.5 8.2 (1 mL). Do not use Tris, as it contains reactive amines which will compete with the protein amines for NANOGOLD® labeling.

2. Dissolve the Mono-Sulfo-NHS-NANOGOLD® reagent in 1.0 mL deionized water. If the reagent is slow to dissolve, vortex the solution. Sufficient reagent is supplied to label 10 to 15 nmol of amine sites, up to 1.5 mg of a 100,000 MW protein with one labeling site; if you are using a smaller amount, use a proportionately smaller amount of the NANOGOLD® reagent (e.g. half the reagent supplied will label up to 0.75 mg of the above protein). Once the NANOGOLD® reagent is reconstituted with water, it should be used immediately. The Sulfo-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester is hydrolyzed in aqueous solution.

   If solubility is known to be an issue with the molecule you are labeling, solubility may be improved by predissolving the NANOGOLD® reagent in up to 5 or 10% final volume (0.01 to 0.02 mL) of ispropanol, then making up to 1 mL with water.

3. Add the reconstituted NANOGOLD® solution to the dissolved protein. Adjust the reaction volume to give a protein concentration in the range of 4 to 6 nmol/mL (for a 100,000 MW protein, this is 0.4 to 0.6 mg/mL) to achieve optimum labeling. If a membrane centrifugation unit is used to reduce the volume of the reaction mixture, a 10,000 molecular weight cut-off (e.g. Centricon-10 system, Millipore) should be used to avoid losing Nanogold reagent. Incubate for either 1 hour at room temperature, or 12-18 hours (overnight) at 4°C.

4. Separate the unbound gold particles from the protein conjugates using gel filtration chromatography, such as Pharmacia Superose 6 or 12 (which fractionate a wide range of molecular weights), Superdex-75, or an alternative that effectively fractionates your protein from smaller species. Concentrate the reaction mixture to a suitably small volume for injection, using membrane centrifugation (e.g. Centricon-30 system, Millipore). Elute with 0.02 M sodium phosphate at pH 7.4 with 150 mM sodium chloride; the first, pale brown peak or shoulder is the conjugate, while the second, usually darker band is unbound NANOGOLD® particles. For even higher purity, repeat this process one more time.

Estimation of NANOGOLD®/protein ratio: Dilute a portion of the labeled protein solution so that the maximum absorbance is 0.7 to 1.2 AU. Molar concentrations of the NANOGOLD® and protein are calculated from the UV/visible spectrum of the solution, and the ratio of these values gives the average number of NANOGOLD® particles per protein. The molar extinction coefficient of NANOGOLD® at 420 nm is 155,000 M^-1cm^-1. Molar concentrations are calculated as follows, using a value of 120,000 M^-1cm^-1 for the extinction coefficient of protein at 280 nm, where v_{gold, 280nm/420nm} is the ratio of absorbance at 280 nm / absorbance at 420 nm for NANOGOLD®. The extinction coefficient will vary for different proteins; it may be calculated from the molecular weight and optical density.

[NANOGOLD®] = [A_420nm]/155,000
[protein] = [A_280nm v_{gold, 280nm/420nm} x A_420nm]/120,000
NANOGOLD®/protein ratio = [NANOGOLD®]/[protein]

To calculate the amount of protein, A_280nm is corrected for NANOGOLD® absorbtion: the absorbtion of NANOGOLD® at 280 nm is calculated by multiplying A_420nm by v_{gold, 280nm/420nm} (see product specification sheet).

Detailed instructions for this calculation are available on our web site at http://www.nanoprobes.com/LGuide4.html.

NANOGOLD® conjugates can be stored at 4°C in buffer solutions usually used with the protein under study (e.g. 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer with 150 mM sodium chloride); if the conjugates are intended for long storage, add 0.1 % bovine serum albumin and 0.05 % sodium azide to prevent bacterial contamination and to prevent the protein from adhering to the surfaces of the storage vessel.

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Labeling Peptides (MW 6,000 or less) with Mono-Sulfo-N-Hydroxy-Succinimido Nanogold®

1. Dissolve the peptide in 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer with 0.15 M sodium chloride (PBS) at pH 7.5 8.2, or an alternative buffer, adjusted to pH 7.5 8.2 (1.0 mL). Do not use Tris, as it contains reactive amines which will compete with the peptide amines for NANOGOLD® labeling.

2. Dissolve the Mono-Sulfo-NHS-NANOGOLD® reagent in 1.0 mL deionized water. If the reagent is slow to dissolve, vortex the solution. 30 nmol of reagent is supplied; use a 2-fold to 20-fold excess of the peptide to be labeled (smaller excesses for peptides closer to the MW of NANOGOLD®). Once activated NANOGOLD® is reconstituted with water it should be used immediately. The Sulfo-NHS ester is hydrolyzed in aqueous solution.

   If water-solubility is known to be an issue with the molecule you are labeling, solubility may be improved by predissolving the NANOGOLD® reagent in up to 5 or 10% final volume (0.01 to 0.02 mL) of ispropanol, then making up to 1.0 mL with water.

   In addition to aqueous solubility, NANOGOLD® reagents are also highly soluble in DMSO, and this may be used as a solvent for labeling molecules such as certain peptides that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dissolve the NANOGOLD® reagent in 1 mL of anhydrous DMSO; some undissolved buffer salts may remain, but these will not affect the labeling reaction. Mix with the molecule to be labeled, dissolved in an anhydrous organic solvent. Overnight stirring is normally necessary for reaction to be complete.

3. Add the activated NANOGOLD® solution to the dissolved peptide. The reagent molar ratio and reaction volume can be adjusted to achieve an optimized labeling degree. Incubate for either 1 hour at room temperature, or 12-18 hours (overnight) at 4°C.

4. Separate the gold-peptide conjugates from excess, unbound peptide using gel filtration chromatography, GE Healthcare (formerly Amersham Pharmacia) Superdex-75 or Superdex Peptide / PG30, or Bio-Rad Bio-Gel P10 or P6 (MW of NANOGOLD® is near 15,000). Concentrate the reaction mixture to a suitably small volume for injection, using membrane centrifugation (e.g. Centricon-10 system, Millipore). Elute with 0.02 M sodium phosphate at pH 7.4 with 150 mM sodium chloride; the first, pale yellow-brown peak or shoulder is the conjugate, while the second, colorless band is excess peptide. For even higher purity, repeat this process one more time.

Estimation of NANOGOLD®/peptide ratio: Dilute a portion of the labeled peptide solution so that the maximum absorbance is 0.7 to 1.2 AU. Molar concentrations of the NANOGOLD® and peptide are calculated from the UV/visible spectrum of the solution, and the ratio of these values gives the average number of NANOGOLD® particles per antibody. The molar extinction coefficient of NANOGOLD® at 420 nm is 155,000 M^-1cm^-1. Molar concentrations are calculated as follows, using a value of 12,000 M^-1cm^-1 for the extinction coefficient of peptide at 280 nm, where v_{gold, 280nm/420nm} is the ratio of absorbance at 280 nm / absorbance at 420 nm for NANOGOLD®. The extinction coefficient will vary for different proteins; it may be calculated from the molecular weight and optical density.

[NANOGOLD®] = [A_420nm]/155,000
[peptide] = [A_280nm v_{gold, 280nm/420nm} x A_420nm]/12,000
NANOGOLD®/peptide ratio = [NANOGOLD®]/[peptide]

To calculate the amount of peptide, A_280nm is corrected for NANOGOLD® absorbtion: the absorbtion of NANOGOLD® at 280 nm is calculated by multiplying A_420nm by v_{gold, 280nm/420nm} (see product specification sheet).

Detailed instructions for this calculation are available on our web site at http://www.nanoprobes.com/LGuide4.html.

NANOGOLD® conjugates can be stored at 4°C in buffer solutions usually used with the peptide under study (e.g. 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer with 150 mM sodium chloride); if the conjugates are intended for long storage, add 0.05 % sodium azide to prevent bacterial contamination.

NOTE: Peptides or proteins with MW close to that of the NANOGOLD® particle (15,000) may be labeled using Mono-Sulfo-N-hydroxy-succinimido-NANOGOLD®, but the products can be separated by gel filtration chromatography only with difficulty. Other chromatographic techniques, such as reverse-phase, hydrophobic interaction or ion exchange chromatography, may be used. NANOGOLD® is more hydrophobic than most proteins and elutes differently. A NANOGOLD®-peptide conjugate has intermediate characteristics.

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General Considerations for Immunostaining with Nanogold® Reagents

The major difference will be in the results:

• NANOGOLD® is an extremely uniform 1.4 nm diameter gold particle (ca.10%).

• NANOGOLD® conjugates contain absolutely no aggregates. This is in sharp contrast to other colloidal gold conjugates that usually are prepared by centrifugation to remove the largest aggregates and frequently contain smaller aggregates.

• Close to 1 NANOGOLD® particle to 1 Fab (or IgG) make this product distinct from the 0.2 - 10 variable stoichiometry of other colloidal gold antibody preparations.

• NANOGOLD® particles do not have affinity to proteins as do other other colloidal golds. This reduces background and false labeling.

• NANOGOLD® develops better with silver than do most other colloidal golds giving it higher sensitivity. Silver enhancement can be used to make the immunolabeling useful for light microscopy and immunoblotting with improved results.

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Using Stains with Nanogold®

1. Use of reduced amounts or concentrations of usual stains.
2. Use of lower atomic number stains such as NANOVAN, a Vanadium based stain.⁶
3. Enhancement of NANOGOLD® with silver developers, such as LI SILVER or HQ SILVER.

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Electron Microscopy Immunolabeling with Nanogold® Conjugates

Cells in Suspension

1. Optional fixing of cells: e.g., with glutaraldehyde (0.05 - 1% for 15 minutes) in PBS. Do not use Tris buffer since this contains an amine. After fixation, centrifuge cells (e.g. 1 ml at 10,000,000 cells/ml) at 300 X g, 5 minutes; discard supernatant; resuspend in 1 ml buffer. Repeat this washing (centrifugation and resuspension) 2 times.
2. Incubate cells with 0.02 M glycine in PBS (5 mins). Centrifuge, then resuspend cells in PBS-BSA buffer (specified below) for 5 minutes.
3. Wash cells using PBS-BSA as described in step 1 (2 X 5 mins). Resuspend in 1 ml Buffer 1.
4. Place 50 - 200 microliters of cells into Eppendorf tube. Dilute NANOGOLD® conjugate ~ 50 times in PBS-BSA buffer and add 30 microliters to cells; incubate for 30 minutes with occasional shaking (do not create bubbles which will denature proteins).
5. Wash cells in PBS-BSA as described in step 1 (2 X 5 mins).
6. Fix cells and antibodies using a final concentration of 1% glutaraldehyde in PBS for 15 minutes. Then remove fixative by washing with buffer 1 (3 X 5 mins).

Negative staining may be used for electron microscopy of small structures or single molecules which are not embedded. Negative stain must be applied after the silver enhancement. NANOVAN negative stain is specially formulated for use with NANOGOLD® reagents; it is based on vanadium, which gives a lighter stain than uranium, lead or tungsten-based negative stains and allows easier visualization of NANOGOLD® particles with little or no silver enhancement.⁶

CAUTION: NANOGOLD® particles degrade upon exposure to concentrated thiols such as beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. If such reagents must be used, concentrations should be kept below 1 mM and exposure restricted to 10 minutes or less.

Thin Sections

Labeling with NANOGOLD® may be performed before or after embedding.^7,8 Labeling before embedding and sectioning (the pre-embedding method)^7,8 is used for the study of surface antigens, particularly small organisms such as viruses budding from host cells. It gives good preservation of cellular structure, and subsequent staining usually produces high contrast for study of the cellular details. Labeling after embedding and sectioning (the post-embedding method)^7,8 allows the antibody access to the interior of the cells, and is used to label both exterior and interior features. The procedures for both methods are described below.

Thin sections mounted on grids are floated on drops of solutions on parafilm or in well plates. Hydrophobic resins usually require pre-etching.

CAUTION: Nanogold® particles degrade upon exposure to concentrated thiols such as beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. If such reagents must be used, concentrations should be kept below 1 mM and exposure restricted to 10 minutes or less. NANOGOLD® particles are not stable above 37°C. If immunolabeling is performed before embedding, an embedding medium should be used that hardens at low temperature (<30°C, e.g. Lowicryl). See temperature caution above.

PROCEDURE FOR PRE-EMBEDDING METHOD:⁷

1. Float on a drop of water for 5 - 10 minutes.
2. Incubate cells with 1 % bovine serum albumin in PBS buffer at pH 7.4 for 5 minutes; this blocks any non-specific protein binding sites and minimizes non-specific antibody binding.
3. Rinse with PBS-BSA (1 min).
4. Incubate with NANOGOLD® conjugate diluted 1/40 - 1/200 in PBS-BSA with 1 % normal serum from the same species as the NANOGOLD® labeled antibody, for 10 minutes to 1 hour at room temperature.
5. Rinse with PBS-BSA (3 X 1 min), then PBS (3 X 1 min).
6. Postfix with 1 % glutaraldehyde in PBS (10 mins).
7. Rinse in deionized water (2 X 5 min).
8. Dehydrate and embed according to usual procedure. Use of a low-temperature resin (eg. Lowicryl) is recommended.
9. Stain (uranyl acetate, lead citrate or other positive staining reagent) as usual before examination.

PROCEDURE FOR POST-EMBEDDING METHOD:⁷

1. Prepare sections on plastic or carbon-coated nickel grid. Float on a drop of water for 5 - 10 minutes.
2. Incubate with 1 % solution of bovine serum albumin in PBS buffer at pH 7.4 for 5 minutes to block non-specific protein binding sites.
3. Rinse with PBS-BSA (1 min).
4. Incubate with NANOGOLD® conjugate diluted 1/40 - 1/200 in PBS-BSA with 1 % normal serum from the same species as the NANOGOLD® labeled antibody, for 10 minutes to 1 hour at room temperature.
5. Rinse with PBS (3 X 1 min).
6. Postfix with 1 % glutaraldehyde in PBS at room temperature (3 mins).
7. Rinse in deionized water for (2 X 5 min).
8. If desired, contrast sections with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate before examination.

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Special Considerations for the Direct Viewing of Nanogold® in the Electron Microscope

NANOGOLD® provides a much improved resolution and smaller probe size over other colloidal gold antibody products. However, because NANOGOLD® is only 1.4 nm in diameter, it will not only be smaller, but will appear less intense than, for example, a 5 nm gold particle. With careful work, however, NANOGOLD® may be seen directly through the binoculars of a standard EM even in 80 nm thin sections. However, achieving the high resolution necessary for this work may require new demands on your equipment and technique. Several suggestions follow:

1. Before you start a project with NANOGOLD® it is helpful to see it so you know what to look for. Dilute the NANOGOLD® stock 1:5 and apply 4 ml to a grid for 1 minute. Wick the drop and wash with deionized water 4 times.

2. View NANOGOLD® at 100,000 X magnification with 10 X binoculars for a final magnification of 1,000,000 X. Turn the emission up full and adjust the condenser for maximum illumination.

3. The alignment of the microscope should be in order to give 0.3 nm resolution. Although the scope should be well aligned, you may be able to skip this step if you do step 4

4. Objective stigmators must be optimally set at 100,000 X. Even if the rest of the microscope optics are not perfectly aligned, adjustment of the objective stigmators may compensate and give the required resolution. You may want to follow your local protocol for this alignment but since it is important, a brief protocol is given here:
   1. At 100,000 X (1 X 10⁶ with binoculars), over focus, under focus, then set the objective lens to in focus. This is where there is the least amount of detail seen.
   2. Adjust each objective stigmator to give the least amount of detail in the image.
   3. Repeat steps a and b until the in focus image contains virtually no contrast, no wormy details, and gives a flat featureless image.

5. Now underfocus slightly, move to a fresh area, and you should see small black dots of 1.4 nm size. This is the NANOGOLD®. For the 1:5 dilution suggested, there should be about 5 to 10 gold spots on the small viewing screen used with the binoculars. Contrast and visibility of the gold clusters is best at 0.2 - 0.5 m defocus, and is much worse at typical defocus values of 1.5 - 2.0 m commonly used for protein molecular imaging.

6. In order to operate at high magnification with high beam current, thin carbon film over fenestrated holey film is recommended. Alternatively, thin carbon or 0.2% Formvar over a 1000 mesh grid is acceptable. Many plastic supports are unstable under these conditions of high magnification/high beam current and carbon is therefore preferred. Contrast is best using thinner films and thinner sections.

7. Once you have seen NANOGOLD® you may now be able to reduce the beam current and obtain better images on film. For direct viewing with the binoculars reduction in magnification from 1,000,000 X to 50,000 X makes the NANOGOLD® much more difficult to observe and not all of the golds are discernable. At 30,000 X (300,000 X with 10 X binoculars) NANOGOLD® particles are not visible. It is recommended to view at 1,000,000 X, with maximum beam current, align the objective stigmators, and then move to a fresh area, reduce the beam, and record on film.

8. If the demands of high resolution are too taxing or your sample has an interfering stain, a very good result may be obtained using silver enhancement to give particles easily seen at lower magnification.

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Silver Enhancement of Nanogold® for EM

Our LI SILVER silver enhancement system is convenient and not light sensitive, and suitable for all applications. Improved results in the EM may be obtained using HQ SILVER, which is formulated to give slower, more controllable particle growth and uniform particle size distribution.⁹

Specimens must be thoroughly rinsed with deionized water before silver enhancement reagents are applied. This is because the buffers used for antibody incubations and washes contain chloride ions and other anions which form insoluble precipitates with silver. These are often light-sensitive and will give non-specific staining. To prepare the developer, mix equal amounts of the enhancer and initiator immediately before use. NANOGOLD® will nucleate silver deposition resulting in a dense particle 2-20 nm in size or larger depending on development time. Use nickel grids (not copper).

The procedure for immunolabeling should be followed up to step 6 as described above. Silver enhancement is then performed as follows:

1. Rinse with deionized water (2 X 5 mins).
2. OPTIONAL (may reduce background): Rinse with 0.02 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 7.0 (3 X 5 mins).
3. Float grid with specimen on freshly mixed developer for 1-8 minutes, or as directed in the instructions for the silver reagent. More or less time can be used to control particle size. A series of different development times should be tried, to find the optimum time for your experiment. With HQ Silver, a development time of 6 mins gives 15-40 nm round particles.
4. Rinse with deionized water (3 X 1 min).
5. Mount and stain as usual.

Fixing with osmium tetroxide may cause some loss of silver; if this is found to be a problem, slightly longer development times may be appropriate.

NOTE: Treatment with osmium tetroxide followed by uranyl acetate staining can lead to much more drastic loss of the silver enhanced NANOGOLD® particles. This may be prevented by gold toning:¹⁰

1. After silver enhancement, wash thoroughly with dionized water.
2. 0.05 % gold chloride: 10 minutes at 4°C.
3. Wash with deionized water.
4. 0.5 % oxalic acid: 2 mins at room temperature.
5. 1 % sodium thiosulfate (freshly made) for 1 hour.
6. Wash thoroughly with deionized water and embed according to usual procedure.

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Immunolabeling and Silver Enhancement with Nanogold® for Light Microscopy

Samples must be rinsed with deionized water before silver enhancement. This is because the reagent contains silver ions in solution, which react to form a precipitate with chloride, phosphate and other anions which are components of buffer solutions. The procedure for immunolabeling with NANOGOLD® and silver enhancement is given overleaf.

1. Spin cells onto slides using Cytospin, or use parafin section.
2. Incubate with 1 % solution of bovine serum albumin in PBS (PBS-BSA) for 10 minutes to block non-specific protein binding sites.
3. Rinse with PBS-BSA (3 X 2 min).
4. Incubate with NANOGOLD® reagent diluted 1/40 - 1/200 in PBS-BSA with 1 % normal serum from the same species as the NANOGOLD® reagent, for 1 hour at room temperature.
5. Rinse with PBS (3 X 5 min).
6. Postfix with 1 % glutaraldehyde in PBS at room temperature (3 mins).
7. Rinse with deionized water (3 X 1 min).
8. OPTIONAL (may reduce background): Rinse with 0.02 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 7.0 (3 X 5 mins).
9. Develop specimen with freshly mixed developer for 5-20 minutes, or as directed in the instructions for the silver reagent. More or less time can be used to control intensity of signal. A series of different development times may be used, to find the optimum enhancement for your experiment; generally a shorter antibody incubation time will require a longer silver development time.
10. Rinse with deionized water (2 X 5 mins).
11. The specimen may now be stained if desired before examination, with usual reagents.

To obtain an especially dark silver signal, the silver enhancement may be repeated with a freshly mixed portion of developer.

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Immunoblotting

1. Spot 1 microliter dilutions of the antigen in buffer 4 onto hydrated nitrocellulose membrane. Use an antigen concentration range from 100 ng to 0.01 pg / microliter.
2. Block with buffer 1 for 30 minutes at 37°C.
3. Rinse with buffer 1 (3 X 10 mins).
4. Incubate with a 1/100 to 1/200 dilution of the NANOGOLD® reagent in buffer 2 for 2 hours at room temperature.
5. Rinse with buffer 3 (3 X 5 mins), then buffer 4 (2 X 5 mins).
6. OPTIONAL (may improve sensitivity): Postfix with glutaraldehyde, 1 % in buffer 4 (10 mins).
7. Rinse with deionized water (2 X 5 mins).
8. OPTIONAL (may reduce background): Rinse with 0.05 M EDTA at pH 4.5 (5 mins).
9. Develop with freshly mixed silver developer for 20-25 minutes or as directed in the instructions for the silver reagent, twice. Rinse thoroughly with deionized water between developments to remove all the reagent.
10. Rinse several times with deionized water.

CAUTION: NANOGOLD® particles degrade upon exposure to concentrated thiols such as beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. If such reagents must be used, concentrations should be kept below 1 mM and exposure restricted to 10 minutes or less.

Other procedures may be used; for example the NANOGOLD® reagent may be used as a tertiary labeled antibody, or a custom NANOGOLD® conjugate may be the primary antibody. If additional antibody incubation steps are used, rinse with buffer 3 (3 X 10 mins) after incubation.

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References

1. Hainfeld, J. F., and Powell R. D.: Nanogold Technology: New Frontiers in Gold Labeling. Cell Vision, 4, 308-324 (1997); Furuya, F. R., and Hainfeld, J. F.: A 1.4-nm gold cluster covalently attached to antibodies improves immunolabeling. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 40, 177 (1992); Furuya, F. R., Hainfeld, J. F., and Powell, R. D.: A new 1.4 nm Gold-Fab' Probe. Proc. 49^th Ann. Mtg., Electron.Micros. Soc. Amer.; Bailey, G. W. (Ed.), San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA; 1991, p. 284.

2. Segond von Banchet, G., and Heppelman, B.: Non-radioactive localization of substance P binding sites in rat brain and spinal cord using peptides labeled with 1.4-nm gold particles. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 821-827 (1995).

3. Ribrioux, S., Kleymann, G., Haase, W., Heitmann, K., Ostermeier, C., and Michel, H.: Use of nanogold- and fluorescent-labeled antibody Fv fragments in immunocytochemistry. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 44, 207-213 (1996).

4. Hainfeld, J. F., and Furuya, F. R.; in Immunogold-Silver Staining: Principles, Methods and Applications (M. A. Hayat, Ed.), CRC Press, Boca raton, FL., 1995: pp. 71-96.

5. Krencs, T., and Krencs, L.; in Immunogold-Silver Staining: Principles, Methods and Applications, (M. A. Hayat, Ed.), CRC Press, Boca raton, FL., 1995: pp. 57-69.

6. Tracz, E., Dickson, D. W., Hainfeld, J. F., and Ksiezak-Reding, H.: Paired helical filaments in corticobasal degeneration: the fine fibrillary structure with NanoVan. Brain Res., 773, 33-44 (1997); Gregori, L., Hainfeld, J. F., Simon, M. N., and Goldgaber, D. Binding of amyloid beta protein to the 20S proteasome. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 58-62 (1997); Hainfeld, J. F.; Safer, D.; Wall, J. S.; Simon, M. N.; Lin, B. J., and Powell, R. D.;Methylamine Vanadate (NanoVan) Negative Stain. Proc. 52^nd Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; G. W. Bailey and Garratt-Reed, A. J., (Eds.); San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, 1994, p. 132.

7. J. E. Beesley, in Colloidal Gold: Principles, Methods and Applications, M. A. Hayat, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1989; Vol. 1, pp421-425.

8. Lujan, R.; Nusser, Z.; Roberts, J. D. B.; Shigemoto, R.; Ohishi, H., and Somogyi, P.: Differential plasma membrane distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1 alpha, mGluR2 and mGluR5, relative to neurotransmitter release sites. J. Chem. Neuroanat., 13, 219-241 (1997).

9. Humbel, B. M.; Sibon, O. C. M.; Stierhof, Y.-D., and Schwarz, H.: Ultra-small gold particles and silver enhancement as a detection system in immunolabeling and In Situ hybridization experiments; J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 735-737 (1995).

10. Arai, R.; Geffard, M., and Calas, A.: Intensification of labelings of the immunogold silver staining method by gold toning. Brain Res. Bull., 28, 343-345 (1992).

11. Moeremans, M.; Daneels, G.; Van Dijck, A.; Langanger, G., and De Mey, J.: Sensitive visualization of antigen-antibody reactions in dot and blot immune overlay assays with immunogold and immunogold/silver staining. J. Immunol. Meth., 74, 353-360 (1984).

For a complete list of references citing this product, please visit our References page.

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